What is a common cause of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in infants born prematurely?

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is most commonly associated with inadequate surfactant production in premature infants. Surfactant is a substance composed of lipids and proteins that plays a crucial role in reducing surface tension in the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. In premature infants, the lungs are often not fully developed, which can lead to insufficient production of this vital surfactant.

When surfactant levels are low, the surface tension in the alveoli increases, making it difficult for them to remain open during breathing. This can lead to the collapse of small alveoli, known as atelectasis, which further reduces the surface area available for gas exchange and leads to respiratory distress. This condition requires prompt medical intervention and treatment to ensure adequate breathing and oxygenation for the infant.

While infection, excess fluid in the lungs, and other factors can contribute to respiratory issues in newborns, the primary factor in NRDS for those born prematurely is indeed inadequate surfactant production.