What is the main cause of emphysema?

The main cause of emphysema is the destruction of alveoli walls. This condition is characterized by the progressive deterioration of the alveolar walls, which leads to an enlarged airspace within the lungs. As these walls break down, the surface area available for gas exchange decreases significantly, making it difficult for oxygen to enter the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to be expelled.

Emphysema is often a result of long-term exposure to irritants, particularly cigarette smoke, which triggers an inflammatory response. Over time, this chronic inflammation damages the alveoli and leads to the loss of elasticity in lung tissue. The compromised structure of the alveoli not only reduces gas exchange efficiency but also contributes to airflow obstruction due to the collapse of small airways during exhalation.

The other options refer to different respiratory conditions or aspects of lung pathology. Inflammation of bronchioles and excessive mucus production are more characteristic of chronic bronchitis, while obstructive bronchiolitis refers to a different type of airway obstruction primarily affecting the bronchioles. None of these conditions define the pathology of emphysema as accurately as the destruction of alveolar walls does.